This chapter introduces the communication buses and input/output (I/O) interfaces used in embedded systems to exchange data between microcontrollers, memories, sensors, actuators, and external devices. Students will learn the principles of serial and parallel communication, synchronous and asynchronous interfaces, and the operation of widely used protocols such as SPI, I²C, UART, CAN, USB, and Ethernet. The chapter also presents modern communication connectors, industrial communication standards, and the classification of digital, analog, industrial, and debugging interfaces. Finally, students will understand how to select appropriate communication technologies according to performance, reliability, and application requirements.
This chapter covers the following topics:
• Communication Buses and Protocols • SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) • I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) • Input and Output Interfaces • Serial and Parallel Data Transmission • Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication • UART Communication Protocol • Communication Standards in Embedded Systems • USB Communication Interface and USB-C • RJ45 and Ethernet Connectivity • Digital Interfaces (GPIO, PWM) • Analog Interfaces (ADC and DAC) • Industrial Communication Interfaces (RS-232, RS-485, Modbus, Profibus) • CAN Bus Applications • Ethernet-Based Embedded Systems • Debugging and Programming Interfaces (JTAG, SWD, ISP) • Selection of Communication Interfaces for Embedded Applications
This chapter provides the essential knowledge required to design reliable communication systems and interface embedded devices with sensors, actuators, industrial networks, and IoT platforms.
